The science of colour
For a long time, art was the domain of the church and monasteries, and knowledge related to colours was shared only among those who were well-versed in their use. Pigments from nature were mainly used in the production of paints, until synthetic and, from the 19th century, industrially produced dyes were developed. Before then, certain colours were very expensive or difficult to obtain, and the colours available was contingent on the wealth of the painter or client.
In the 19th century, impressionist artists concentrated on how colours were mixed through observation. This new colour theory was based on the scientific study of colours and on chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul’s law of simultaneous contrast, according to which the differences between two colours are highlighted when they are next to each other. According to Claude Monet, painting became the testing ground for light effects and colours, and the landscape its most popular motif. En plein air painting, speed, the use of pure colours and the examination of the variations of sunlight represented a new modern art, and Neo-Impressionism later continued this tradition.
The Franco-Belgian exhibition organised at Ateneum in 1904 was of great importance for the development of Finnish art towards a brighter palette. Alfred William Finch, who moved to Finland from Belgium, was central in organising the exhibition, and he is considered one of the most important driving forces of modernist painting in Finland. Finch avoided mixing colours in order to achieve the greatest possible vibrancy, in keeping with Georges Seurat’s divisionist use of colour. Finch’s expression resonated with Magnus Enckell and architect Sigurd Frosterus, whose colour theory was strongly influenced by Finch. He also greatly impacted a group of younger artists, such as Mikko Oinonen and Yrjö Ollila, and he actively participated in the Septem group, which focused on the pure colour palette. Turku Art Museum’s collection contains an exceptional number of works by Finch; a total of 57, of which 40 are a part of the Nils Dahlström donation collection.
In contemporary art research, the natural sciences are utilised, for example, in the analysis and conservation of pigments. Pigments are examined using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, which reveals the elements they are made of and helps to investigate the works’ creator, authenticity and origin. When dating works, researchers are guided, for instance, by the fact that titanium white was not used at all before the 20th century.
Material analyst Seppo Hornytzkyj and researcher Hanne Tikkala are the pioneers of Finnish pigment research. They have, among other things, researched Helene Schjerfbeck’s use of colour throughout the artist’s career. In all examined works by Schjerfbeck, cobalt blue, lead white and pigments containing iron have been found. We know that the artist used ready-made colour tubes, but mixed all the hues used in her paintings herself. Cobalt blue can be said to be Schjerfbeck’s favourite colour, and some say she was even obsessed with it. In addition, it has been noted that the organic red pigments that Schjerfbeck used easily fade, and that she sometimes sanded away colour surfaces in her works.
Suggested reading:
Hanne Tikkala & Seppo Hornytzkyj: Indian Yellow and Titanium White: A Material-centred Perspective on the Pigments Used by Artists Helene Schjerfbeck and Akseli Gallen-Kallela in the 1920s. FNG Research (2022).